Extending Unique 1D Double-Chains to 2D Layers with Birefringent Gain by Introducing a Hydroxyl Group.

It remains a significant hurdle for discovering birefringent materials in the deep ultraviolet (DUV, λ < 200 nm). It is well-known that the OH anions are recognized for their capability to eliminate the dangling bonds from terminal oxygen atoms, promoting the ultraviolet (UV) cutoff edge blueshift and regulating the crystal structure. Here, two new barium hydroxyborates, Ba3B11O18(OH)3(H2O) (BaBOH) and Na2BaB10O16(OH)2(H2O)2 (NaBaBOH), were designed and synthesized while displaying different dimensions. Remarkably, BaBOH presents novel one-dimensional (1D) [B22O37(OH)6]∞ double-chains formed by a new fundamental building block (FBB)[B11O21(OH)3]. NaBaBOH possesses a 2D [B10O16(OH)2]∞ layer with a less common FBB [B10O19(OH)2]. They enrich the structural diversity of hydroxyborates. Moreover, NaBaBOH exhibits a broad transparent window within the DUV spectral range (<190 nm) and possesses a favorable birefringence of 0.064. Furthermore, detailed summaries and structural comparisons have been implemented for all hydroxyborates containing alkali and alkaline-earth metals. This reveals that the OH group modulation strategy can be appropriately employed for the structural design.

PQR309, a dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitor, synergizes with gemcitabine by impairing the GSK-3ß and STAT3/HSP60 signaling pathways to treat nasopharyngeal carcinoma.

End-stage nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) has unsatisfactory survival. The limited benefit of chemotherapy and the scarcity of targeted drugs are major challenges in NPC. New approaches to treat late-stage NPC are urgently required. In this study, we explored whether the dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitor, PQR309, exerted a favorable antineoplastic effect and sensitized the response to gemcitabine in NPC. We observed that PI3K expression was positive and elevated in 14 NPC cell lines compared with that in normal nasopharygeal cell lines. Patients with NPC with higher PI3K levels displayed poorer prognosis. We subsequently showed that PQR309 alone effectively decreased the viability, invasiveness, and migratory capability of NPC cells and neoplasm development in mice xenograft models, and dose-dependently induced apoptosis. More importantly, PQR309 remarkably strengthened the anti-NPC function of gemcitabine both in vivo and in vitro. Mechanistically, PQR309 sensitized NPC to gemcitabine by increasing caspase pathway-dependent apoptosis, blocking GSK-3ß and STAT3/HSP60 signaling, and ablating epithelial-mesenchyme transition. Thus, targeting PI3K/mTOR using PQR309 might represent a treatment option to promote the response to gemcitabine in NPC, and provides a theoretical foundation for the study of targeted drugs combined with chemotherapy for NPC.

A DNA tetrahedron-based ferroptosis-suppressing nanoparticle: superior delivery of curcumin and alleviation of diabetic osteoporosis.

Diabetic osteoporosis (DOP) is a significant complication that poses continuous threat to the bone health of patients with diabetes; however, currently, there are no effective treatment strategies. In patients with diabetes, the increased levels of ferroptosis affect the osteogenic commitment and differentiation of bone mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs), leading to significant skeletal changes. To address this issue, we aimed to target ferroptosis and propose a novel therapeutic approach for the treatment of DOP. We synthesized ferroptosis-suppressing nanoparticles, which could deliver curcumin, a natural compound, to the bone marrow using tetrahedral framework nucleic acid (tFNA). This delivery system demonstrated excellent curcumin bioavailability and stability, as well as synergistic properties with tFNA. Both in vitro and in vivo experiments revealed that nanoparticles could enhance mitochondrial function by activating the nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (NRF2)/glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) pathway, inhibiting ferroptosis, promoting the osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs in the diabetic microenvironment, reducing trabecular loss, and increasing bone formation. These findings suggest that curcumin-containing DNA tetrahedron-based ferroptosis-suppressing nanoparticles have a promising potential for the treatment of DOP and other ferroptosis-related diseases.

Genomic and transcriptomic profiling of combined small-cell lung cancer through microdissection: unveiling the transformational pathway of mixed subtype.

BACKGROUND: Combined small-cell lung carcinoma (cSCLC) represents a rare subtype of SCLC, the mechanisms governing the evolution of cancer genomes and their impact on the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) within distinct components of cSCLC remain elusive. METHODS: Here, we conducted whole-exome and RNA sequencing on 32 samples from 16 cSCLC cases. RESULTS: We found striking similarities between two components of cSCLC-LCC/LCNEC (SCLC combined with large-cell carcinoma/neuroendocrine) in terms of tumor mutation burden (TMB), tumor neoantigen burden (TNB), clonality structure, chromosomal instability (CIN), and low levels of immune cell infiltration. In contrast, the two components of cSCLC-ADC/SCC (SCLC combined with adenocarcinoma/squamous-cell carcinoma) exhibited a high level of tumor heterogeneity. Our investigation revealed that cSCLC originated from a monoclonal source, with two potential transformation modes: from SCLC to SCC (mode 1) and from ADC to SCLC (mode 2). Therefore, cSCLC might represent an intermediate state, potentially evolving into another histological tumor morphology through interactions between tumor and TIME surrounding it. Intriguingly, RB1 inactivation emerged as a factor influencing TIME heterogeneity in cSCLC, possibly through neoantigen depletion. CONCLUSIONS: Together, these findings delved into the clonal origin and TIME heterogeneity of different components in cSCLC, shedding new light on the evolutionary processes underlying this enigmatic subtype.

MITOL deficiency triggers hematopoietic stem cell apoptosis via ER stress response.

Hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) divisional fate and function are determined by cellular metabolism, yet the contribution of specific cellular organelles and metabolic pathways to blood maintenance and stress-induced responses in the bone marrow remains poorly understood. The outer mitochondrial membrane-localized E3 ubiquitin ligase MITOL/MARCHF5 (encoded by the Mitol gene) is known to regulate mitochondrial and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) interaction and to promote cell survival. Here, we investigated the functional involvement of MITOL in HSC maintenance by generating MX1-cre inducible Mitol knockout mice. MITOL deletion in the bone marrow resulted in HSC exhaustion and impairment of bone marrow reconstitution capability in vivo. Interestingly, MITOL loss did not induce major mitochondrial dysfunction in hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. In contrast, MITOL deletion induced prolonged ER stress in HSCs, which triggered cellular apoptosis regulated by IRE1α. In line, dampening of ER stress signaling by IRE1α inihibitor KIRA6 partially rescued apoptosis of long-term-reconstituting HSC. In summary, our observations indicate that MITOL is a principal regulator of hematopoietic homeostasis and protects blood stem cells from cell death through its function in ER stress signaling.

Prediction of Disease-Free Survival in Breast Cancer using Deep Learning with Ultrasound and Mammography: A Multicenter Study.

BACKGROUND: Breast cancer is a leading cause of cancer morbility and mortality in women. The possibility of overtreatment or inappropriate treatment exists, and methods for evaluating prognosis need to be improved. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients (from January 2013 to December 2018) were recruited and divided into a training group and a testing group. All patients were followed for more than 3 years. Patients were divided into a disease-free group and a recurrence group based on follow up results at 3 years. Ultrasound (US) and mammography (MG) images were collected to establish deep learning models (DLMs) using ResNet50. Clinical data, MG, and US characteristics were collected to select independent prognostic factors using a cox proportional hazards model to establish a clinical model. DLM and independent prognostic factors were combined to establish a combined model. RESULTS: In total, 1242 patients were included. Independent prognostic factors included age, neoadjuvant chemotherapy, HER2, orientation, blood flow, dubious calcification, and size. We established 5 models: the US DLM, MG DLM, US + MG DLM, clinical and combined model. The combined model using US images, MG images, and pathological, clinical, and radiographic characteristics had the highest predictive performance (AUC = 0.882 in the training group, AUC = 0.739 in the testing group). CONCLUSION: DLMs based on the combination of US, MG, and clinical data have potential as predictive tools for breast cancer prognosis.

Drinking, Diversity, and Discrimination: Campus-Level Factors that Influence Students' Risk of Experiencing Sexual Assault.

College students' individual-level risk factors for sexual assault victimization have been studied for decades, but fewer studies have looked at whether and how campus-level factors, such as campus-level rates of discrimination and campus diversity, might also influence student victimization risk. Identifying these broader factors can inform efforts to develop more effective campus-level sexual assault preventive interventions. We conducted a secondary analysis of data from a large, multi-campus health and well-being survey (N = 309,171 students across 474 US campuses) to explore how campus-level factors shape students' risk of experiencing sexual assault after accounting for students' individual-level risk factors. Using mixed-effects logistic regression, we examined the influence of campus-level factors (e.g., campus sexual orientation demographics and gender diversity) on students' odds of experiencing sexual assault, after accounting for individual risk factors (e.g., sexual and gender minority status). Although some campus characteristics, such as enrollment size, had small significant effects on students' odds of experiencing sexual assault, we found larger significant effects from aggregated campus-level rates of binge drinking, campus diversity (particularly regarding sexual orientation and gender), and discrimination. These findings suggest that comprehensive campus sexual violence prevention would benefit from strategies that promote safe and inclusive campuses, especially for students with marginalized sexual and gender identities.

A DNA nanostructure-Hif-1α inducer complex as novel nanotherapy against cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury.

Since its discovery in 1978, cisplatin-based chemotherapy regimens have served a pivotal role in human cancer treatment, saving millions of lives. However, its high risk still poses a significant challenge for cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury (AKI), which occurs in 30% of cisplatin-treated patients. Unfortunately, no effective solution for preventing or managing this severe complication, which greatly impacts its clinical administration. Kidney is the main organ injured by cisplatin, and the injury is related to cisplatin-induced cell apoptosis and DNA injury. Therefore, to achieve the safe use of cisplatin in tumour treatment, the key lies in identifying a kidney treatment that can effectively minimize cisplatin nephrotoxicity. Here, we successfully synthesized and applied a DNA-nanostructure complex, named TFG, which contains tetrahedral framework nucleic acids (tFNAs) and FG-4592, a novel Hif-1α inducer. As cargo, TFG is composed entirely of DNA strands. It possesses low nephrotoxicity and renal aggregation properties while FG-4592 is able to relieve renal injury by downregulating the apoptosis signal pathways. And it can relieve cisplatin-induced renal injury when taken cisplatin treatment. This work aims to enhance chemotherapy protection in tumour patients by using TFG, a DNA-based nanomedicines to kidney. This work has the potential to revolutionize the treatment of renal diseases, particularly drug-induced kidney injury, leading to improved clinical outcomes.

MRI-Based Kinetic Heterogeneity Evaluation in the Accurate Access of Axillary Lymph Node Status in Breast Cancer Using a Hybrid CNN-RNN Model.

BACKGROUND: Accurate evaluation of the axillary lymph node (ALN) status is needed for determining the treatment protocol for breast cancer (BC). The value of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-based tumor heterogeneity in assessing ALN metastasis in BC is unclear. PURPOSE: To assess the value of deep learning (DL)-derived kinetic heterogeneity parameters based on BC dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE)-MRI to infer the ALN status. STUDY TYPE: Retrospective. SUBJECTS: 1256/539/153/115 patients in the training cohort, internal validation cohort, and external validation cohorts I and II, respectively. FIELD STRENGTH/SEQUENCE: 1.5 T/3.0 T, non-contrast T1-weighted spin-echo sequence imaging (T1WI), DCE-T1WI, and diffusion-weighted imaging. ASSESSMENT: Clinical pathological and MRI semantic features were obtained by reviewing histopathology and MRI reports. The segmentation of the tumor lesion on the first phase of T1WI DCE-MRI images was applied to other phases after registration. A DL architecture termed convolutional recurrent neural network (ConvRNN) was developed to generate the KHimage (kinetic heterogeneity of DCE-MRI image) score that indicated the ALN status in patients with BC. The model was trained and optimized on training and internal validation cohorts, tested on two external validation cohorts. We compared ConvRNN model with other 10 models and the subgroup analyses of tumor size, magnetic field strength, and molecular subtype were also evaluated. STATISTICAL TESTS: Chi-squared, Fisher's exact, Student's t, Mann-Whitney U tests, and receiver operating characteristics (ROC) analysis were performed. P < 0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS: The ConvRNN model achieved area under the curve (AUC) of 0.802 in the internal validation cohort and 0.785-0.806 in the external validation cohorts. The ConvRNN model could well evaluate the ALN status of the four molecular subtypes (AUC = 0.685-0.868). The patients with larger tumor sizes (>5 cm) were more susceptible to ALN metastasis with KHimage scores of 0.527-0.827. DATA CONCLUSION: A ConvRNN model outperformed traditional models for determining the ALN status in patients with BC. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 3 TECHNICAL EFFICACY: Stage 2.

Uncovering the key pharmacodynamic material basis and possible molecular mechanism of Xiaoke formulation improve insulin resistant through a comprehensive investigation.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Xiaoke formulation (XKF) has been utilized in clinical practice for decades in China as a treatment option for mild to moderate type 2 diabetes. However, there is still a need for systematic research to uncover the key pharmacodynamic material basis and mechanism of XKF. AIM OF THE STUDY: Aim of to investigate the distribution and metabolism of XKF in normal and insulin resistant (IR) mice were different, and elucidate its key pharmacodynamic material basis and mechanism of action. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ultra performance liquid chromatography/time of flight mass spectrometry technology was employed to investigate the differences in XKF absorption, distribution, and metabolism between normal and IR mice across blood, liver, feces, and urine samples. Further, network pharmacology was used to predict target proteins and their associated signaling pathways. Then, molecular docking was utilized to validate the activity of key pharmacodynamic components and targets. Finally, IR HepG2 cells were used to detect the glucose consumption under the action of key pharmacodynamic material basis. In addition, the expression of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), protein kinase B (AKT) and phospho-protein kinase B (p-AKT) was determined using western blotting. RESULTS: The study demonstrates significant distinctions in plasma and liver number and abundance of alkaloids, organic acids, flavonoids, iridoids and saponins between normal and IR mice when XKF was administered. Further analysis has shown that the representative components of XKF, including berberine, chlorogenic acid, calycosin, swertiamarin and astragaloside IV have significantly different metabolic pathways in plasma and liver. Prototypes and metabolites of these components were rarely detected in the urine and feces of mice. According to the network pharmacological analysis, these differential components are predicted to improve IR by targeting key factors such as SRC, JUN, HRAS, NOS3, FGF2, etc. Additionally, the signaling pathways involved in this process include PI3K-AKT pathway, GnRH signaling pathway, and T cell receptor signaling pathway. In addition, in vitro experiments indicate that berberine and its metabolites (berberine and demethyleneberine), chlorogenic acid and its metabolites (3-O-ferulic quinic acid and 5-O-ferulic quinic acid), calycosin and swertiamarin could improve IR in IR-HepG2 cells by elevating the expression of PI3K and AKT, leading to an increase in glucose consumption. CONCLUSION: The key pharmacodynamic material basis of XKF, such as berberine and its metabolites (berberrubine and demethyleneberberine), chlorogenic acid and its metabolites (3-O-feruloylquinic acid and 5-O-feruloylquinic acid), calycosin and swertiamarin influence the glucose metabolism disorder of IR-HepG2 cells by regulating the PI3K/AKT signalling pathway, leading to an improvement in IR.

Metabolic regulation in erythroid differentiation by systemic ketogenesis in fasted mice.

Erythroid terminal differentiation and maturation depend on an enormous energy supply. During periods of fasting, ketone bodies from the liver are transported into circulation and utilized as crucial fuel for peripheral tissues. However, the effects of fasting or ketogenesis on erythroid behavior remain unknown. Here, we generated a mouse model with insufficient ketogenesis by conditionally knocking out the gene encoding the hepatocyte-specific ketogenic enzyme hydroxymethylglutary-CoA synthase 2 (Hmgcs2 KO). Intriguingly, erythroid maturation was enhanced with boosted fatty acid synthesis in the bone marrow of a hepatic Hmgcs2 KO mouse under fasting conditions, suggesting that systemic ketogenesis has a profound effect on erythropoiesis. Moreover, we observed significantly activated fatty acid synthesis and mevalonate pathways along with reduced histone acetylation in immature erythrocytes under a less systemic ketogenesis condition. Our findings revealed a new insight into erythroid differentiation, in which metabolic homeostasis and histone acetylation mediated by ketone bodies are essential factors in adaptation toward nutrient deprivation and stressed erythropoiesis.

The BCL-2 inhibitor APG-2575 resets tumor-associated macrophages toward the M1 phenotype, promoting a favorable response to anti-PD-1 therapy via NLRP3 activation.

The main challenges in the use of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are ascribed to the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment and the lack of sufficient infiltration of activated CD8+ T cells. Transforming the tumor microenvironment (TME) from "cold" to "hot" and thus more likely to potentiate the effects of ICIs is a promising strategy for cancer treatment. We found that the selective BCL-2 inhibitor APG-2575 can enhance the antitumor efficacy of anti-PD-1 therapy in syngeneic and humanized CD34+ mouse models. Using single-cell RNA sequencing, we found that APG-2575 polarized M2-like immunosuppressive macrophages toward the M1-like immunostimulatory phenotype with increased CCL5 and CXCL10 secretion, restoring T-cell function and promoting a favorable immunotherapy response. Mechanistically, we demonstrated that APG-2575 directly binds to NF-κB p65 to activate NLRP3 signaling, thereby mediating macrophage repolarization and the activation of proinflammatory caspases and subsequently increasing CCL5 and CXCL10 chemokine production. As a result, APG-2575-induced macrophage repolarization could remodel the tumor immune microenvironment, thus improving tumor immunosuppression and further enhancing antitumor T-cell immunity. Multiplex immunohistochemistry confirmed that patients with better immunotherapeutic efficacy had higher CD86, p-NF-κB p65 and NLRP3 levels, accompanied by lower CD206 expression on macrophages. Collectively, these data provide evidence that further study on APG-2575 in combination with immunotherapy for tumor treatment is required.

Predictive value of immunotherapy-induced inflammation indexes: dynamic changes in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma receiving immune checkpoint inhibitors.

BACKGROUND: Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have achieved substantial advancements in clinical care. However, there is no strong evidence for identified biomarkers of ICIs in NPC. METHODS: In this retrospective study, 284 patients were enrolled into a training or validation cohort. Inflammatory indexes based on peripheral blood parameters were evaluated, including the systemic immune-inflammation index (SII), the neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), the platelet-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), the lymphocyte-to-C-reactive protein ratio (LCR), and the lymphocyte-monocyte ratio (LMR). The optimum cut-off value for patient stratification was identified using X-tile. The Kaplan-Meier method and Cox's proportional regression analyses were used to identify prognostic factors. RESULTS: Immunotherapy significantly changed the levels of SII, NLR, PLR, LCR and LMR in NPC patients. Patients with lower SII, NLR, and PLR, as well as those with higher LCR and LMR, before immunotherapy had superior PFS (all p < 0.05). Moreover, PFS in the decreased SII, reduced NLR and increased LMR group was significantly longer than in the opposite group (all p < 0.05). Both univariate and multivariate analyses validated that baseline SII and LMR, and the immunotherapy-related SII reduction and LMR elevation were independent prognostic factors for PFS in advanced NPC patients receiving ICIs. CONCLUSIONS: Immune checkpoint inhibitor treatments significantly changed the levels of SII, NLR, PLR, LCR and LMR in NPC patients treated with immunotherapy. A lower baseline SII and a higher baseline LMR, and a reduction in SII and an elevation in LMR after immunotherapy are favorable factors for predicting survival among advanced NPC patients.

There is no strong evidence for identified biomarkers of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC).Lower baseline SII and higher baseline LMR were related to better PFS. The dynamic changes of SII and LMR were independent prognostic factors for the survival of NPC patients receiving ICIs.Neutrophils, platelets, lymphocytes, and monocytes can be used as cheap and valuable biomarkers for predicting tumor response in NPC on immunotherapy.

miR-181a plays the tumor-suppressor role in chronic myeloid leukemia CD34 + cells partially via SERPINE1.

The formation of the BCR-ABL fusion gene drives human chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). The last 2 decades have witnessed that specific tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs, e.g., imatinib mesylate, IM) against ABL1 improve disease treatment, although some patients still suffer from relapse and TKI resistance. Therefore, a better understanding of the molecular pathology of CML is still urgently needed. miR-181a-5p (miR-181a) acts as a tumor suppressor in CML; however, the molecular mechanism of miR-181a in CML stem/progenitor cells remains elusive. Herein, we showed that miR-181a inhibited the growth of CML CD34+ cells, including the quiescent subset, and sensitized them to IM treatment, while miR-181a inhibition by a sponge sequence collaborated with BCR-ABL to enhance the growth of normal CD34+ cells. Transcriptome data and biochemical analysis revealed that SERPINE1 was a bona fide and critical target of miR-181a, which deepened the understanding of the regulatory mechanism of SERPINE1. Genetic and pharmacological inhibition of SERPINE1 led to apoptosis mainly mediated by caspase-9 activation. The dual inhibition of SERPINE1 and BCR-ABL exhibited a significantly stronger inhibitory effect than a single agent. Taken together, this study demonstrates that a novel miR-181a/SERPINE1 axis modulates CML stem/progenitor cells, which likely provides an important approach to override TKI resistance.

Proteomic profiling of serum exosomes reveals acute phase response and promotion of inflammatory and platelet activation pathways in patients with heat stroke.

Background: The pathological mechanism of heat stroke (HS) involves the acute phase response, unbalanced immunological/inflammatory reactions, and coagulation initiation, especially platelet activation. Although exosomes contain proteins involved in these biological processes, their protein cargo levels and potential roles in HS remain unknown. This study explored the serum exosome protein expression patterns after HS and their potential roles in the pathogenesis of HS. Methods: Blood samples were collected from ten patients diagnosed with HS upon admission to the intensive care unit (six with severe HS and four with mild HS). Samples from six healthy volunteers were included as control. Using ultracentrifugation, exosomes were prudently isolated, and their protein contents were profiled using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis with isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification-based proteomics. Results: Compared with healthy volunteers, patients with HS showed significant changes in the levels of 33 exosomal proteins (23 upregulated and 10 downregulated). The most upregulated proteins included serum amyloid A-1 (SAA-1), von Willebrand factor (vWF), S100A8, and histone H3. In addition, SAA-1, vWF, platelet membrane glycoprotein, S100A8, and histone H3 were more enriched in the exosomes from patients with severe HS than from those with mild HS. Gene ontology analysis revealed that the HS-modulated exosomal proteins were mostly related to inflammatory response, including the acute-phase response, platelet activation/degranulation, and innate immune response. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis revealed significant enrichment of proteins in the IL-17 signaling pathway, platelet activation, neutrophil extracellular trap formation, Fc epsilon RI signaling pathway, chemokine signaling pathway, and NOD-like receptor signaling pathway, among others. Several serum exosomal proteins, including SAA-1, vWF, and S100A8, which are related to the acute phase, inflammatory response, and platelet activation, were confirmed to be elevated in patients with HS, and were significantly correlated with disease severity, organ dysfunction, and death. Conclusion: Overall, this study explores the potential role of the serum exosomal proteome in the inflammatory response and platelet activation in HS, suggests the pathological mechanisms underlying HS-induced injuries, and recommends reliable exosomal biomarkers for predicting HS prognosis.

Cytochrome P450 and Epoxide Hydrolase Metabolites in Aß and tau-induced Neurodegeneration: Insights from Caenorhabditis elegans.

This study aims to uncover potent cytochrome P450 (CYP) and epoxide hydrolase (EH) metabolites implicated in Aß and/or tau-induced neurodegeneration, independent of neuroinflammation, by utilizing Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) as a model organism. Our research reveals that Aß and/or tau expression in C. elegans disrupts the oxylipin profile, and epoxide hydrolase inhibition alleviates the ensuing neurodegeneration, likely through elevating the epoxy-to-hydroxy ratio of various CYP-EH metabolites. In addition, our results indicated that the Aß and tau likely affect the CYP-EH metabolism of PUFA through different mechanism. These findings emphasize the intriguing relationship between lipid metabolites and neurodegenerations, in particular, those linked to Aß and/or tau aggregation. Furthermore, our investigation sheds light on the crucial and captivating role of CYP PUFA metabolites in C. elegans physiology, opening up possibilities for broader implications in mammalian and human contexts.

Emerging applications of anti-angiogenic nanomaterials in oncotherapy.

Angiogenesis is the process of generating new blood vessels from pre-existing vasculature. Under normal conditions, this process is delicately controlled by pro-angiogenic and anti-angiogenic factors. Tumor cells can produce plentiful pro-angiogenic molecules promoting pathological angiogenesis for uncontrollable growth. Therefore, anti-angiogenic therapy, which aims to inhibit tumor angiogenesis, has become an attractive approach for oncotherapy. However, classic anti-angiogenic agents have several limitations in clinical use, such as lack of specific targeting, low bioavailability, and poor therapeutic outcomes. Hence, alternative angiogenic inhibitors are highly desired. With the emergence of nanotechnology, various nanomaterials have been designed for anti-angiogenesis purposes, offering promising features like excellent targeting capabilities, reduced side effects, and enhanced therapeutic efficacy. In this review, we describe tumor vascular features, discuss current dilemma of traditional anti-angiogenic medicines in oncotherapy, and underline the potential of nanomaterials in tumor anti-angiogenic therapy. Moreover, we discuss the current challenges of anti-angiogenic cancer treatment. We expect that this summary of anti-angiogenic nanomaterials in oncotherapy will offer valuable insights, facilitating their extensive applications in the future.

Feasibility analysis of magnetic resonance imaging-based radiomics features for preoperative prediction of nuclear grading of ductal carcinoma in situ.

Background: The nuclear grading of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) affects its clinical risk. The aim of this study was to investigate the possibility of predicting the nuclear grading of DCIS, by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-based radiomics features. And to develop a nomogram combining radiomics features and MRI semantic features to explore the potential role of MRI radiomic features in the assessment of DCIS nuclear grading. Methods: A total of 156 patients (159 lesions) with DCIS and DCIS with microinvasive (DCIS-MI) were enrolled in this retrospective study, with 112 lesions included in the training cohort and 47 lesions included in the validation cohort. Radiomics features were extracted from Dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI (DCE-MRI) phases 1st and 5th. After feature selection, radiomics signature was constructed and radiomics score (Rad-score) was calculated. Multivariate analysis was used to identify MRI semantic features that were significantly associated with DCIS nuclear grading and combined with Rad-score to construct a Nomogram. Receiver operating characteristic curves were used to evaluate the predictive performance of Rad-score and Nomogram, and decision curve analysis (DCA) was used to evaluate the clinical utility. Results: In multivariate analyses of MRI semantic features, larger tumor size and heterogeneous enhancement pattern were significantly associated with high-nuclear grade DCIS (HNG DCIS). In the training cohort, Nomogram had an area under curve (AUC) of 0.879 and Rad-score had an AUC of 0.828. Similarly, in the independent validation cohort, Nomogram had an AUC value of 0.828 and Rad-score had an AUC of 0.772. In both the training and validation cohorts, Nomogram had a significantly higher AUC value than Rad-score (P<0.05). DCA confirmed that Nomogram had a higher net clinical benefit. Conclusions: MRI-based radiomic features can be used as potential biomarkers for assessing nuclear grading of DCIS. The nomogram constructed by radiomic features combined with semantic features is feasible in discriminating non-HNG and HNG DCIS.

Self-Assembled Multivalent Aptamer Drug Conjugates: Enhanced Targeting and Cytotoxicity for HER2-Positive Gastric Cancer.

Antibody drug conjugates (ADCs) have shown promise to be the mainstream chemotherapeutics for advanced HER2-positive cancers, yet the issues of poor drug delivery efficiency, limited chemotherapeutic effects, severe immune responses, and drug resistance remain to be addressed before the clinical applications of ADCs. The DNA aptamer-guided drug conjugates (ApDCs) are receiving growing attention for specific tumors due to their excellent tumor affinity and low cost. Therefore, developing a multivalent ApDC nanomedicine by combining anti-HER2 aptamer (HApt), tetrahedral framework nucleic acid (tFNA), and deruxtecan (Dxd) together to form HApt-tFNA@Dxd might help to address these concerns. In this study, the HER2-targeted DNA aptamer modified DNA tetrahedron (HApt-tFNA) was employed as a system for drug delivery, and the adoption of tFNA could effectively enlarge the drug-loading rate compared to aptamer-guided ApDCs previously reported. Compared with free Dxd and tFNA@Dxd, HApt-tFNA@Dxd showed better structural stability, excellent targeted cytotoxicity to HER2-positive gastric cancer, and increased tissue aggregation ability in tumors. These features and superiorities make HApt-tFNA@Dxd a promising chemotherapeutic medicine for HER2-positive tumors. Our work developed a new targeting nanomedicine by combining DNA nanomaterials and chemotherapeutic agents, which represents a critical advance toward developing novel DNA-based nanomaterials and promoting their potential applications for HER2-positive cancer therapy.

Extreme Risk Protection Orders in Older Adults in Six U.S. States: A Descriptive Study.

OBJECTIVES: Extreme Risk Protection Orders (ERPOs) allow a court to restrict firearm access for individuals ("respondents") at imminent risk of harm to self/others. Little is known about ERPOs use for older adults, a population with higher rates of suicide and dementia. METHODS: We abstracted ERPO cases through June 30, 2020, from California, Colorado, Connecticut, Florida, Maryland, and Washington. We restricted our analysis to petitions for older (≥65 years) respondents, stratified by documented cognitive impairment. RESULTS: Among 6,699 ERPO petitions, 672 (10.0%) were for older adults; 13.7% (n = 92) of these noted cognitive impairment. Most were white (75.7%) men (90.2%). Cognitively impaired (vs. non-impaired) respondents were older (mean age 78.2 vs 72.7 years) and more likely to have documented irrational/erratic behavior (30.4% vs 15.7%), but less likely to have documented suicidality (33.7% vs 55.0%). At the time of the petition, 56.2% of older adult respondents had documented firearm access (median accessible firearms = 3, range 1-160). CONCLUSIONS: Approximately 14% of ERPO petitions for older adults involved cognitive impairment; one-third of these noted suicide risk. Studies examining ERPO implementation across states may inform usage and awareness. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: ERPOs may reduce firearm access among older adults with cognitive impairment, suicidality, or risk of violence.